Characteristics of laminar ion beams accelerated via a few-joule laser pulse
Laser-driven carbon ion beams from a carbon foil target via a 2.5-J laser pulse are investigated with three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations.An ion bunch with a narrow energy range exhibits a thin shell shape with a certain diameter.The ion cloud Lumber Support has a layered structure of these ion bunches with different energies.The diverge